Google has announced a research initiative to build AI data centres in space, marking what the tech giant calls a new moonshot that could transform how machine learning compute is scaled. The project, called Suncatcher, envisions compact constellations of solar-powered satellites carrying Google’s Tensor Processing Units (TPUs) and connected through free-space optical links. The announcement comes weeks after Amazon founder Jeff Bezos predicted that gigawatt-scale data centres will be built in space within the next 10 to 20 years.The company announced the initiative alongside a preprint research paper titled “Towards a future space-based, highly scalable AI infrastructure system design.”

Google CEO Sundar Pichai says prototype launch in 2027

Alphabet and Google CEO Sundar Pichai hailed the project, giving a timeline when the company expected to launch two prototype satellites. Read his full post: Our TPUs are headed to space!.Inspired by our history of moonshots, from quantum computing to autonomous driving, Project Suncatcher is exploring how we could one day build scalable ML compute systems in space, harnessing more of the sun’s power (which emits more power than 100 trillion times humanity’s total electricity production),” he saLike any moonshot, it’s going to require us to solve a lot of complex engineering challenges. Early research shows our Trillium-generation TPUs (our tensor processing units, purpose-built for AI) survived without damage when tested in a particle accelerator to simulate low-earth orbit levels of radiation. However, significant challenges still remain like thermal management and on-orbit system reliability. More testing and breakthroughs will be needed as we count down to launch two prototype satellites with @planet by early 2027, our next milestone of many. Excited for us to be a part of all the innovation happening in (this) space!

Why space for AI?

Google’s idea centres on energy abundance and efficiency. The company said that the Sun emits more power than 100 trillion times humanity’s total electricity production, making it the ultimate energy source in our solar system. In the right orbit, a solar panel can be up to eight times more productive than on Earth and produce power nearly continuously, reducing the need for batteries.“Artificial intelligence is a foundational technology that could reshape our world, driving new scientific discoveries and helping us tackle humanity’s greatest challenges,” Google stated in its announcement, adding, “Now, we’re asking where we can go to unlock its fullest potential.”The company argues that space may eventually be the best place to scale AI compute, while also minimising impact on terrestrial resources – an increasingly important consideration as AI’s energy demands grow.

Technical challenges ahead

The preprint paper describes Google’s progress toward tackling foundational challenges, including high-bandwidth communication between satellites, orbital dynamics, and radiation effects on computing hardware.By focusing on a modular design of smaller, interconnected satellites rather than massive single structures, Google is laying the groundwork for what it describes as a highly scalable, future space-based AI infrastructure.